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Solving Trigonometric Equations

NCEA Level 3 Calculus: Graphical & General Solutions

Visualizing $y = A \sin(B(x-C)) + D = K$

Goal: Understand that solving an equation is finding where the wave (blue) crosses a horizontal line (red).

Use the sliders to see how changing the wave or moving the target line affects the number and location of solutions (grey dots).

The General Solution for Sine

Formula: If $\sin(X) = c$, then $X = n\pi + (-1)^n \alpha$, where $\alpha = \sin^{-1}(c)$.

Example Steps: Solve $2\sin(x) = 1$

1. Isolate the trig function: $\sin(x) = 0.5$

2. Find Principal Value ($\alpha$): $\alpha = \sin^{-1}(0.5) = \frac{\pi}{6}$

3. Apply General Formula: $x = n\pi + (-1)^n(\frac{\pi}{6})$

4. Generate solutions for $n=0, 1, 2...$

Casio Graphing Calculator

1. Press SHIFT.

2. Press SIN to get $\sin^{-1}$.

SHIFT
sin⁻¹
SIN
cos⁻¹
COS
tan⁻¹
TAN

Interactive Scenario: Tidal Depth

Context: The depth of water $d$ (metres) at a port $t$ hours after midnight is modelled by: $$d(t) = 3\sin(0.5t) + 5$$

Your Task: Find the times when the water depth is exactly 6.5 metres.

Instructions: In the Desmos window below, type the two equations needed to solve this graphically:

  1. Type the wave equation: y = 3sin(0.5x) + 5
  2. Type the target line equation: y = ? (You decide this value)

The General Solution for Cosine

Formula: If $\cos(X) = c$, then $X = 2n\pi \pm \alpha$, where $\alpha = \cos^{-1}(c)$.

Example Steps: Solve $2\cos(x) = \sqrt{3}$

1. Isolate the trig function: $\cos(x) = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$

2. Find Principal Value ($\alpha$): $\alpha = \cos^{-1}(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}) = \frac{\pi}{6}$

3. Apply General Formula: $x = 2n\pi \pm \frac{\pi}{6}$

4. Generate solutions using both $+$ and $-$ for $n=0, 1, 2...$

Casio Graphing Calculator

1. Press SHIFT.

2. Press COS to get $\cos^{-1}$.

SHIFT
sin⁻¹
SIN
cos⁻¹
COS
tan⁻¹
TAN

Interactive Scenario: Daily Temperature

Context: The temperature $T$ (°C) in a greenhouse $h$ hours after 8:00 AM is modelled by: $$T(h) = 4\cos(\frac{\pi}{12}h) + 18$$

Your Task: Find the times when the temperature is exactly 20°C.

Instructions: In the Desmos window below, type the two equations needed to find the intersection:

  1. Type the temperature wave: y = 4cos(pi/12 * x) + 18 (Type 'pi' for $\pi$)
  2. Type the target temperature line: y = ?